First Draft

Being an archaeologist

       Being an archaeologist is my dream job. I think it is amazing to be the reason of discovering something ancient for the world from an old civilization in the past. Archaeologists examine ancient sites and objects to learn about the past. Excavations, commonly called ‘digs’, are only part of an archaeologist’s work, which also includes recording, analyzing and interpreting archaeological remains. Archaeologists are also involved in the preservation and conservation of artifacts, historic sites and monuments, and carrying out research and educational work. That is why I think it is an interesting job.

   

      A good archaeologist needs to be highly qualified in many fields of science. Archaeology is a broad subject linking with many others, such as geography, history and social sciences, and there are some specialisms where a science degree such as biology, botany, medicine, geology, or environmental science may be more appropriate than a purely archaeological qualification. A qualification in computing may also be useful because of the recent expansion in computer applications in archaeology. A driving license is usually required, and being physically fit is also important as a lot of the work may be outdoors in potentially demanding environments.

      The conditions conduct the job are many and are, to some extent, tiresome.  Average working hours are 37 per week, Monday to Friday, though this may vary and overtime or weekend working is common, especially in excavations working to very tight timeframes. Although some work is based indoors in laboratories, museums and offices, much of the work is outdoors, and excavations or site inspections can be conducted outside in all weathers. There are equal opportunities for men and women in the job.  Also archaeologists have relaxed protective clothing to wear while working.

      Training for archaeologists usually takes place on the job, but it is essential to keep abreast of research and scientific works through training and continuous professional development .Attending internal and external training courses, relevant seminars and conferences is an effective way of keeping up to date with current issues and refreshing knowledge.

       A typical career development may entail two years as a digger, several as a site supervisor and then progression to a project management. Becoming a Member of the Institute for Archaeologists (IFA) and undertaking agreed levels of continuing professional development (CPD) is a key part of career development, and will enable progression to more senior posts. There are opportunities to move into lecturing in universities or into academic research posts. Another career development opportunity is to move into writing, either updating academic study material to reflect new technology and findings, or publishing books or journals about archaeological experiences in the field.

       To sum up archaeology is a broad subject, which needs lots of work to achieve a great success on it. So everyone who wants to be a successful archaeologist has to do lots of work to develop in the job.

Being an archaeologist

Introduction-

Body-

       Requirements needed for being an archeologist

       Condition prospects

       Training prospects

        Career development

-conclusion

(final draft)

Education in Egypt

       Education is the most important element that reflects the development of each country. Through the educational system of different countries, the one can recognize whether these countries are developed or not. The history of Egypt's educational system is a good example of this.

         

       The educational system in Egypt was very poor .Up until the 19th century; education in Egypt was largely the responsibility of the religious communities. Both the mosques and the Coptic churches had basic schools, which in addition to religious education, offered instruction in Arabic and simple Mathematics. Early in the 19th century Mohammed Ali established higher schools to train students for civil administration and the military. 50 years later, Ismael Pasha expanded the educational system to include primary, secondary and higher institutions at several locations across Egypt. Yet, girls were not allowed to go to schools. Then the first school for girls was established in 1873. Following the republican revolution in 1952, real reforms came about. The first priority was given to build more schools, in order to secure general access. But the curricula were not sufficient then. Meanwhile, One of Egypt's main challenges was shortage of teachers; this problem was common in rural areas. By the 1970s there was a common conception that teaching was of low prestige and salaries were low. Also, many Egyptian teachers have traveled to other Arab countries, where conditions may be considerable better. Through the 1980's, some 30,000 teachers left Egypt every year.

       Now, thanks to the huge development in technology all over the world, the educational system in Egypt has been affected.

 Egypt now has several good schools which are provided with laboratories and computer labs. Highly qualified teacher are found in these schools. The ministry of education always does its best to develop curricula and gives teachers courses in using the latest technology to educate their students.  Also good universities are now found in Egypt, receiving both foreign students, and graduate young men and women that find work all across the Arabic world. All levels of public education, from pre-school to the completion of a university degree, are free for all citizens. Expenditure on education is estimated at 4.2% of GDP in 2008.

      To sum up, education is the key for each country to rise up with its people. So, we have to take care of education in our country to erase all the aspects of ignorance which hinder our development. Also a great effort should be made to solve the problems that face our education.   

Education in Egypt

       Education is the most important element that reflects the development of each country. Through the educational system of different countries, the one can recognize whether these countries are developed or not. The history of Egypt's educational system is a good example of this.

         

       The educational system in Egypt was very poor .Up until the 19th century; education in Egypt was largely the responsibility of the religious communities. Both the mosques and the Coptic churches had basic schools, which in addition to religious education, offered instruction in Arabic and simple Mathematics. Early in the 19th century Mohammed Ali established higher schools to train students for civil administration and the military. 50 years later, Ismael Pasha expanded the educational system to include primary, secondary and higher institutions at several locations across Egypt. Yet, girls were not allowed to go to schools. Then the first school for girls was established in 1873. Following the republican revolution in 1952, real reforms came about. The first priority was given to build more schools, in order to secure general access. But the curricula were not sufficient then. Meanwhile, One of Egypt's main challenges was shortage of teachers; this problem was common in rural areas. By the 1970s there was a common conception that teaching was of low prestige and salaries were low. Also, many Egyptian teachers have traveled to other Arab countries, where conditions may be considerable better. Through the 1980's, some 30,000 teachers left Egypt every year.

       Now, thanks to the huge development in technology all over the world, the educational system in Egypt has been affected.

 Egypt now has several good schools which are provided with laboratories and computer labs. Highly qualified teacher are found in these schools. The ministry of education always does its best to develop curricula and gives teachers courses in using the latest technology to educate their students.  Also good universities are now found in Egypt, receiving both foreign students, and graduate young men and women that find work all across the Arabic world. All levels of public education, from pre-school to the completion of a university degree, are free for all citizens. Expenditure on education is estimated at 4.2% of GDP in 2008.

      To sum up, education is the key for each country to rise up with its people. So, we have to take care of education in our country to erase all the aspects of ignorance which hinder our development. Also a great effort should be made to solve the problems that face our education.   

Education in Egypt

Outline

1- Introduction.

2- The educational system in Egypt in the past.

3- The educational system in Egypt now.

4- Conclusion.

Final draft

Women's work

          For a long time women have been prevented from maintaining their rights in education and work. Their parents and even their husbands thought that woman's main task is to do the household tasks and raise children. Later came "kasem amin" asking for women's right to learn. Then there were many women's liberation movements for maintaining their rights in society and working was one of these rights. Although many years have passed, there are still different considerations between supporting and refusing women's work.

        

          Some people support the idea that women's work is important for many reasons.

One of these reasons is increasing the family's income as woman's salary, besides her husband's, can grantee a better life for their children. The working woman shares in developing the society with her work as a teacher, a doctor, or an engineer, etc. Woman also can acquire self-sufficiency and self-confidence as she depends on herself to solve any problem she faces.

          Other people refuse the idea of women's work considering that working is only for men. One reason for refusing women's work is neglecting her household tasks, husband and children as being busy at work. Another reason is that some employers refuse to employ women as they have fewer abilities than men in working. Also the working woman is always tired because of taking care of both her family and work. So, by the end of the day she becomes very tired to have some time for her own to rest or do whatever she wants.

          I believe that everything in our life has its advantages and disadvantages. So, I agree with women's work apart from its disadvantages. There are many women who have achieved a great success in their work although they had families to take care of. One of them was dr/ Aisha Abdel Rahman who succeeded to fight for her father's refusal of her education and became a great writer and lecturer.

          

Women's work

          For a long time women have been prevented from maintaining their rights in education and work. Their parents and even their husbands thought that woman's main task is to do the household tasks and raise the children. Later came "kasem amin" asking for the women's right to learn. Then there were many women's liberation movements for maintaining their rights in society and working was one of these rights. Although many years have passed, there are still different considerations between supporting and refusing women's work.

        

          Some people support the idea that women's work is important for many reasons.One of them is increasing the family's income as woman's salary, besides her husband's, can grantee a better life for their children. The working woman shares in developing the society by her work as a teacher, a doctor, or an engineer, etc. Woman also can acquire self-sufficiency and self-confidence as she depends on herself to solve any problem she faces.

          Other people refuse the idea of women's work considering that working is only for men. One reason for refusing women's work is neglecting her household tasks, husband and children as being busy at work. Another reason is that some employers refuse to employ women as they have fewer abilities than men in working. Also the working woman is always tired because of taking care of both her family and work. So, by the end of the day she becomes very tired to have some time for her own to rest or do whatever she wants.

          I believe that everything in our life has its advantages and disadvantages. So, I agree with women's work apart from its disadvantages. There are many women who have achieved a great success in their work although they had families to take care of. One of them was "dr/ Aisha Abdel Rahman" who succeeded to fight for her father's refusal of her education and became a great writer and lecturer.

Woman's work

-Introduction

-Reasons for supporting woman's work:

           1- Increasing her family's income.

           2- Achieving self-sufficiency and self-confidence.

           3- Sharing in developing the society.

-Reasons for refusing women's work:

            1- Neglecting the household tasks, husband and children.

            2- Wasting time.

3- Preferring men than women for their ability to work more.                 

            4- Getting tired because of their responsibilities at work and home.                 

-Conclusion

final draft))

Water pollution

       

       Water is the prime element responsible for life on earth. It covers two thirds of the earth's surface. Also the human body consists of 75% of it. In the body it regulates fluids, cells and blood, and other activities. So, without water there is no life.

         Because of the recent developed technology, our water has become in danger. There are many reasons for this. Firstly, farmers use chemicals to kill bugs, fight diseases and to enhance the growth of their crops. These chemicals run into lakes or rivers and cause water pollution. Secondly, oceans are polluted by oil, spilled from ships. Thirdly, sewages and wastewater are another factor of polluting water, as in Egypt and other countries the best way to get rid or these wastes is by dropping them in seas, rivers and lakes.  Fourthly, dumping rubbish and wastes in the sea, which are eaten by marine animals, causes them to die.

      

         Resulting from the previously mentioned reasons of water pollution, our environment and health have been affected. The food chain is damaged, as humans eat the infected meat of marine animals they caught from polluted water. Also many infectious diseases can be contracted from drinking contaminated water. The infection of water can also alter the temperature of water and cause a large number of marine animals to die.

    

         As water is an essential factor in our life, and as being responsible for this crisis, we should find an urgent solution for this problem. For example farmers have to use safe materials to irrigate and treat their crops. The government should prevent factories and ships from dropping any wastes into water and make them pay fines if they don't. Sewages also have to be treated rather than dropping it into water. Using an ozone generator to break down pollutants would be very helpful to solve the problem too.

         To conclude, water is very important in our life, so we should take a good care of it. We should look for the reasons how it is polluted, and find solutions to solve them. Then we have to gather our efforts together to prevent the problem from happening again.         

Water pollution

        

        Water is the prime element responsible for life on earth. It covers two thirds of the earth's surface .also the human body consists of 75% of it. In the body it regulates fluids cells and blood, and other activities .so, without water there is no life.                                                      

        Because of the recent developed technology, our water has become in danger. There are many reasons for this. Firstly, farmers use chemicals to kill bugs, fight diseases and enhance the growth of their crops. These chemicals run into lakes or rivers and cause water pollution. Secondly, oceans are polluted by oil spilled from ships. Thirdly, sewages and wastewater are another factor of polluting water, as in Egypt and other countries the best way to get rid of them is by dropping them in seas, rivers and lakes. Fourthly, the dumping litters in the sea which pollutes water and causes the death of marine animals.

           Resulting from the previously mentioned reasons of water pollution, our environment and health have been affected. The food chain is damaged, as humans eat the infective meat of the animals in polluted water. Also many infectious diseases can be contracted from drinking contaminated water. The infection of water can also alter the temperature of water and cause a large number of marine animals to die.

          As the water is an essential factor in our life, and as being responsible for this crisis, we should find an urgent solution for the problem. For example farmers have to use safe materials to irrigate and treat their crops. The government should prevent factories and ships from dropping any wastes into the sea and make them pay fines if they don't. Sewages also have to be treated rather than dropping it into water. Using an ozone generator to break down pollutants in the water source would be very helpful to solve the problem too.

          To conclude, water is very important in our life, so we should take good care of it. We should look for the reason how it is polluted, and find solutions to solve them. Then we have to gather our efforts to prevent the problem from happening again.

  

 Water pollution

Outline

1- Introduction.

2-The causes of water pollution:

         a- Using chemicals in irrigating and treating plants.

         b- Oil spill.

         c- Sewage and wastewater.

         d- Marine dumping.

        

3-The effects of water pollution:

.                     a- Damaging food chain

         b- Spreading diseases through water.

         c- Altering water temperature.

4-The treatment of the problem:       

         a- Using safe material to treat crops.

         b- Preventing factories and ships from dumping their waste in waters.

         c- Treating sewages.

         b- Ozone wastewater treatment.

      

  5-Conclusion.

I'm Wafaa Mohammed in 4th year in Suez Canal University in Suez

Faculty of Education

English Department

This blog is created for presenting my assignments of critical reading and writing